Menopause marks the end of a woman’s reproductive years and is characterized by the cessation of menstrual periods. This stage is primarily caused by the loss of ovarian follicular function and a significant decline in circulating estrogen levels, as the ovaries gradually produce less estrogen and progesterone, hormones crucial for regulating the menstrual cycle and maintaining various bodily functions.

After 12 consecutive months without a menstrual period the ovaries have ceased releasing eggs and producing most of their estrogen. The reduction in estrogen levels can lead to long-term health effects, such as an increased risk of osteoporosis, due to decreased bone density, and cardiovascular diseases. Understanding the gradual nature of the menopausal transition and the underlying hormonal changes can help women manage symptoms and maintain a healthy lifestyle.

• Reproductive System: The most direct effect of menopause is on the reproductive system. Menstrual cycles become irregular and eventually stop. The decline in estrogen also leads to thinning and drying of the vaginal tissues, which can cause discomfort and increase the risk of infections.

• Cardiovascular System: Estrogen has a protective effect on the cardiovascular system. Its decline can increase the risk of heart disease and high blood pressure. Women may experience changes in cholesterol levels, contributing to cardiovascular issues.

• Skeletal System: Estrogen helps maintain bone density. Its reduction during menopause can accelerate bone loss, leading to osteoporosis and an increased risk of fractures.

• Metabolic Changes: Hormonal changes can affect metabolism, leading to weight gain and changes in fat distribution. This can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders.

• Central Nervous System: Estrogen influences brain function, including mood regulation and cognitive abilities. Menopausal women may experience mood swings, anxiety, depression, and memory problems.

• Skin and Hair: Estrogen helps maintain skin elasticity and hair health. Its decline can lead to thinning hair, dry skin, and the appearance of wrinkles.